太平洋牡蛎三倍体诱导及苗种培育技术研究

本文报道了采用细胞松弛素B（CB）诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体的研究结果。研究结果表明，CB浓度为0．25mg／L，处理时间约20分钟，诱导三倍体的倍化率可达75％，至D型幼虫的孵化率为40－50％。1992－1996年其培育出三倍体贝苗1846．4万枚。     

方竹属一新种及另拟新名称

秆直立,高2.5—5米,直径1.2—2厘米;全秆具30—38节,节间长(5)10—12(15)厘米,中空,圆筒形或基部数节间略呈方形,具白色或灰黄色瘤基小刺毛,脱落后留有瘤基而粗糙,纵细线稜纹不发育,秆壁厚3—6毫米。箨环明显,淡黄色,密被黄色或淡黄色小刺毛;节内高1—1.5毫米,中部以下各节具一圈2—15枚劲直或向下弯曲之气生根刺。笋紫红色,有淡黄白色条纹;秆箨早落,厚纸质,灰白色,有时具紫色条纹,长于节间,背     

长牡蛎壳橙性状遗传参数评估及与生长性状的关联性

长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系是结合群体选育与种内群体间杂交方法，以壳色性状和生长性状为选育指标，经过连续3代选育获得的新品系。本研究以第1代长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系(G₁)为亲本，采用巢式设计建立了48个混养家系，共获得863个个体。利用微卫星标记对混养家系进行了系谱分析，并基于REML法评估了长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系壳色性状的遗传参数及与生长性状的相关性。结果显示，863个个体中，有851个个体被准确鉴定其所属家系；长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系壳色性状颜色参数指标a^*(红绿轴色品指数)、b^*(黄蓝轴色品指数)和ΔE (色差)等均具中高等遗传力，大小依次为0.47±0.23、0.42±0.21和0.56±0.29。4个颜色参数指标间的遗传相关和表型相关范围分别为-0.79~0.86和-0.45~0.48。壳色性状与各生长性状的遗传相关和表型相关较低，分别为-0.33~0.17和-0.04~0.11。研究表明，在长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系育种过程中，对壳色性状进行选育可以得到预期的改良效果。此外，壳橙性状与生长性状应分别作为目标性状进行协同选择，以实现同时改良两个性状的目的。本研究可为长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系选育提供基础资料。     

Risk factors associated with increased mortality of farmed Pacific oysters in Ireland during 2011

The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, plays a significant role in the aquaculture industry in Ireland. Episodes of increased mortality in C. gigas have been described in many countries, and in Ireland since 2008. The cause of mortality events in C. gigas spat and larvae is suspected to be multifactorial, with ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1, in particular OsHV-1 μvar) considered a necessary, but not sufficient, cause. The objectives of the current study were to describe mortality events that occurred in C. gigas in Ireland during the summer of 2011 and to identify any associated environmental, husbandry and oyster endogenous factors. A prospective cohort study was conducted during 2010–2012, involving 80 study batches, located at 24 sites within 17 bays. All 17 bays had previously tested positive for OsHV-1 μvar. All study farmers were initially surveyed to gather relevant data on each study batch, which was then tracked from placement in the bay to first grading. The outcome of interest was cumulative batch-level mortality (%). Environmental data at high and low mortality sites were compared, and a risk factor analysis, using a multiple linear regression mixed effects model, was conducted. Cumulative batch mortality ranged from 2% to 100% (median = 16%, interquartile range: 10–34%). The final multivariable risk factor model indicated that batches imported from French hatcheries had significantly lower mortalities than non-French hatcheries; sites which tested negative for OsHV-1 μvar during the study had significantly lower mortalities than sites which tested positive and mortalities increased with temperature until a peak was reached. There were several differences between the seed stocks from French and non-French hatcheries, including prior OsHV-1 μvar exposure and ploidy. A range of risk factors relating to farm management were also considered, but were not found significant. The relative importance of prior OsHV-1 μvar infection and ploidy will become clearer with ongoing selection towards OsHV-1 μvar resistant oysters. Work is currently underway in Ireland to investigate these factors further, by tracking seed from various hatchery sources which were put to sea in 2012 under similar husbandry and environmental conditions.     

不同育性三倍体长牡蛎性腺发育过程中的营养成分比较

为阐明不同育性三倍体长牡蛎性腺发育与营养成分变化的关系,实验对不育型和可育型三倍体长牡蛎性腺发育过程中的主要营养成分(糖原、总蛋白质和总脂肪含量)进行分析,并与二倍体长牡蛎进行比较。结果显示,三倍体长牡蛎性腺—内脏团、闭壳肌和外套膜3种组织中的糖原含量均显著高于同时期的二倍体长牡蛎,性腺—内脏团和闭壳肌中的总蛋白质含量则显著低于同时期的二倍体。随着性腺发育,可育型三倍体长牡蛎性腺—内脏团的糖原含量下降了31.88%,二倍体长牡蛎下降82.41%,而不可育型三倍体长牡蛎糖原含量下降了0.55%,这与糖原为配子发生供能密切相关。此外,不育型三倍体长牡蛎性腺—内脏团的糖原、总蛋白质和总脂肪含量在繁殖季节中均没有发现明显的波动,而可育型三倍体长牡蛎由于性腺一定程度的发育,其营养成分含量的变化趋势与二倍体类似。研究表明不育型和可育型三倍体长牡蛎在繁殖季节营养成分存在明显的差异,不育型三倍体的糖原品质性状优于可育型,这为长牡蛎育性控制育种提供了重要参考依据。     

盐度对香港巨牡蛎摄食和代谢的影响

为了探明香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)的摄食和代谢与盐度的关系,在实验室条件下采用流水系统研究了不同盐度(S)条件下香港巨牡蛎的滤水率(FR)、摄食率(IR)、吸收率(AE)、耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(NR)的变化规律。结果显示:在盐度6～27范围内,盐度对香港巨牡蛎的滤水率、摄食率的影响都极显著,随着盐度的升高,滤水率与摄食率先增大后减小,盐度13时最大,分别为5.93 L/g.h和38.26×106cell/g.h;盐度对吸收率的影响不显著,吸收率为74.77%～78.41%。盐度对香港巨牡蛎的耗氧率和排氨率的影响极显著,随着盐度的升高,耗氧率与排氨率先增大后减小,盐度20时最大,分别为1.76 mg/g.h和0.11 mg/g.h;盐度对O∶N比的影响不显著,不同盐度下O∶N平均值为17.89,表明在本试验条件下香港巨牡蛎代谢所需要的能量主要由脂肪和碳水化合物提供。根据研究结果可以判断,香港巨牡蛎的摄食和代谢活动在盐度13~20之间处于较适宜水平。     

Seasonal variations in the immunological and physiological parameters of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas cultured in Bahía de Macapule (Sinaloa,Mexico)

Triploid Crassostrea gigas were cultured during 13 months in Nestier‐type oyster trays. The impact of environmental parameters on the physiological and immunological parameters was evaluated. Temperature, salinity and seston were recorded monthly. Seventeen oysters were sampled monthly for immunological and condition index (CI) analyses. Samples were obtained as a haemolymph lysate supernatant (HLS). Protein content was determined using the Bradford method. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes was determined using the API ZYM kit and the lysoplate assay. Seston showed different patterns throughout the cycle. Condition index showed a positive correlation with the protein content of HLS. Protein showed a negative correlation with temperature. Eleven hydrolytic enzymes were detected in samples and higher enzymatic activity corresponded to leucine arylamidase and esterase. Leucine arylamidase and lysozyme activity showed a positive correlation with temperature. Oyster mortality was 28% in our modules and 70% in the oyster farm. Oysters showed low values of CI and haemolymph protein content in summer–autumn when mortalities were observed in the culture system. This finding suggests that these stressed oysters may have insufficient energy to invest in their immune system. It appears that oyster mortality in the culture system resulted from a combination of animal overcrowding, high temperature and low salinity.     

Experimental assessment of oyster transfers as a vector for macroalgal introductions

Introduction of non-indigenous species can alter marine communities and ecosystems. In shellfish farming, transfer of livestock, especially oysters, is a common practice and potentially constitutes a pathway for non-indigenous introductions. Many species of seaweeds are believed to have been accidentally introduced in association with these transfers, but there is little direct evidence.We experimentally simulated the transfer of oysters from the Thau Lagoon (France). These transfers involved increasing periods of aerial emersion and additional brine and hot water treatments. The brine and hot water treatments were evaluated as a means of reducing the probability of algal introductions with oyster transfers. Shells were cultured for 40 days in experimental tanks to identify the macroalgae likely to be introduced with any oyster transfer.A total of 57 macroalgal taxa, including 16 taxa not indigenous to the Thau Lagoon, were recorded across all treatments and experiments. The abundance of some species increased in several cases following aerial emersion. Elimination treatments (immersion in brine or hot water) significantly reduced algal diversity, with hot water treatments resulting in no species or only tubular Ulva spp. present.The results support the hypothesis that oyster transfers are effective as primary and secondary vectors of macroalgal introductions. Relatively simple changes to the transfer practice (particularly hot water treatments) are suggested as a means of reducing the risk of non-indigenous algal introductions.     

辽南沿海牡蛎科Ostreidae种类的调查及其增养殖前景研究

经过调查，确定辽南地区沿海分布有６种牡蛎，其中猫爪牡蛎Ｃｒａｓｓｏｓｔｒｅａ Ｐｅｓｔｉｇｇｒｉｓ Ｈａｎｌｅｙ在辽宁省为首次记录。对各种牡蛎的分布情况作了简要描述，并对其生产状况和增养殖前景进行了研究，提出今后主要增养殖的种类和途径。     

三倍体长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)不育性研究

三倍体长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)雌性怀卵量在0～2000万,雄性精量在0～1亿,大大低于正常二倍体。三倍体生殖腺发育受阻,大部分停留在增殖期和休止期,一部分虽发育至生长期和成熟期,但与同期的二倍体比较,生殖腺发育差。部分三倍体配子能完成受精作用,并发育至D形幼虫,但不能继续正常发育。卵子减数分裂后为含14～16条染色体的非整倍体。因此,三倍体长牡蛎是不育的。